中国北方地区寒潮时空特征及其成因分析

基于中国北方地区269个站点1960 - 2017年逐日气温观测数据与大气环流指数等, 采用线性回归、 相关分析、 反距离加权法（IDW）及熵权法等方法, 探讨了近58年中国北方地区寒潮频次的时空变化特征及影响因素, 进而利用研究区耕地面积、 人均GDP、 农作物播种面积等社会经济统计数据, 从致灾因子、 孕灾环境、 承灾体易损性、 防灾减灾能力四个方面对中国北方地区寒潮进行风险区划分析。结果表明： 近58年来, 中国北方地区寒潮频次总体呈0.2次·（10a）^-1的速率减少, 近58年研究区域共发生了159.7次寒潮, 其中冬季和十一月份寒潮频次最多。高频次出现在吉林省靖宇县、 安图县, 内蒙古阿尔山市、 苏尼特左旗、 苏尼特右旗, 频次高达508次以上, 平均每年8.8次, 最少寒潮频次出现在华北南部, 新疆喀什和阿克苏。不同等级寒潮频次差距较大, 一般寒潮频次最多, 共102.9次。一般寒潮、 较强寒潮、 强寒潮、 特强寒潮与寒潮频次在空间分布上比较相似, 大体呈由南向北增加的分布规律, 东北地区是寒潮的活跃区, 华北地区的活跃区在内蒙古中部, 西北地区寒潮活跃区主要在新疆阿勒泰地区。年尺度而言, 中国北方地区寒潮主要受CA、 APVII、 AO和APVAI的影响, 各季节影响因子有所差异, 春季寒潮主要受CQ和CA的影响, 秋季寒潮与APVII、 CA、 AO关系显著, 冬季寒潮与APVII、 CA、 AO、 SHI均达到显著相关关系。综合风险区划结果表明, 新疆阿勒泰地区、 黑龙江大兴安岭地区、 吉林省东南部以及山东省为寒潮发生的高风险区, 低风险区分布在新疆阿克苏和喀什地区, 与寒潮频次空间分布相吻合。     

河控浅水三角洲前缘席状砂沉积特征及沉积模式探讨--以黄河口凹陷渤中34地区明下段为例

黄河口凹陷渤中34地区明化镇组下段下部河控浅水三角洲前缘席状砂较发育。为进一步认识前缘席状砂体的发育规律,通过岩芯、钻井、生产动态、黏土矿物等分析对席状砂体沉积特征、控制因素及沉积模式进行综合研究。席状砂主要表现为薄层或薄互层特征,根据发育位置可以划分为水下分流河道边部及河道末端席状砂两种类型。基于高分辨率层序地层学原理,以基准面短期旋回为时间区间,将席状砂体的沉积模式划分为三种类型:湖水上升初期的河道弱席状化模式、湖水上升期至最大湖平面时期河道末端面状流增长模式以及最大湖平面时期席状化改造模式。随着基准面的下降,浅水三角洲前缘沉积类型亦从席状砂体向水下分流河道演化。暖湿气候、一定的水体规模及地形坡度条件是前缘席状砂体大面积分布的控制因素。研究成果为进一步加快明下段河控浅水三角洲前缘席状砂的勘探开发提供了依据。     

云南严重低温霜冻灾害天气个例分析

1999年12月下旬特大霜冻灾害是云南1951年以来损失最大的一次自然灾害,受灾面积85万hm^2,直接经济损失55亿元。利用高空和地面气象资料,分析了严重低温霜冻灾害的天气成因,并与历史上的1973／1974、1975／1976年冬季云南两次严重霜冻灾害进行了比较。结果表明：特大霜冻灾害是在云南连续暖冬背景下发生的,对云南经济作物和热带作物的危害最大。高空冷平流与地面冷高压控制下长时间夜间晴空辐射冷却降温是此次重霜冻形成的主要原因,500hPa、700hPa偏北气流和干冷南支槽是主要影响天气系统。碧空无云、静风、湿度小、气温低、气压高、露点温度特低是此次重霜冻的主要气象要素变化特征。冻害以滇南热带作物种植区最为严重。关键词霜冻低温冷平流晴空辐射暖冬     

Occurrence,shape and movement of daily rainfall in the Huai Basin,China

The upper reaches of the Huai River in Central China are located in the East Asian monsoon region. Strong seasonality, as well as large interannual variability of rainfall, causes floods and an uneven supply of water. In order to conserve the water and mitigate the floods, dams and flood protection structures are constructed. Their design requires information about the rainfall. Daily observations from 1957 to 1986 from 78 rain gauges were used to study shape, orientation, movement and geographical and seasonal occurrence of storms in the 79 000 km² study area. The rainfall characteristics were described using graphical plots, cross‐ and autocorrelation. Storms larger than 50 mm/day were found to occur from February to November, whereas storms exceeding 350 mm/day were confined to the main rainfall season from late June to mid‐August. The southern part of the study area experienced a break in the rainfall season in late July, corresponding to the seasonal northward shift of the rain belt. A weekly periodicity of 7–8 days for rainfall was found during June–July, but not during August–September. During the whole period June–September, the spatial pattern of daily rainfall revealed an elongated shape, more pronounced during June–July than August–September. The rainfall area was orientated approximately from WSW to ENE during the whole period, and showed an anticlockwise rotation of about 16° per day during June–July. The cross‐correlation analysis revealed that the rainfall area moved about 100 km/day eastward. These results and an investigation of meteorological maps indicate that the spatial correlation pattern of daily rainfall is produced by cold fronts on the Mei‐Yu front. Suggestions are made as to how to use the results for the construction of design rainfalls in the study area. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

干冷空气活动对2008年梅雨降水的作用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2008年梅汛期暴雨过程中干冷空气侵入对暴雨发生、发展和维持的作用.结果表明:梅雨期中高纬度环流的演变和调整与暴雨过程密切相关,亚洲北部阻塞高压(高压脊)的建立和维持,使得500hPa高度上西风锋区南压,导致干冷空气南下,极涡活动的异常偏东和加强有助于冷空气向江淮流域输送,有利于江淮流域暴雨的发展.在江淮流域梅雨期间,干冷空气的活跃与暴雨过程相对应.干冷空气来源于中高纬度和中高层.干冷空气侵入有利于对流层中高层干层的形成和维持.而且,干冷空气侵入是梅雨湿度锋形成和维持的一个重要动力和热力原因.在此研究基础上,归纳出中期预报着眼点,供实际业务预报参考使用.     

2011年6月江西省北部一次大暴雨天气过程成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、高时空分辨率TBB资料以及NCEP/FNL再分析资料,对2011年6月14—15日江西省北部梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了天气分析。同时,利用中尺度数值模式WRF对此次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行数值模拟,分析暴雨的中尺度系统结构特征。结果表明:稳定的环流形势下,500 h Pa低槽后部冷空气与强盛的西南暖湿气流在江南北部持续对峙,使得暴雨区稳定维持在江西省北部。低层充沛的水汽供应、强的热力不稳定及强烈的天气尺度、中尺度辐合和地形抬升是此次暴雨产生的有利环境场和触发条件。锋区及其附近的锋生过程与强降水密切相关,冷暖气流在地面至对流层中低层的交馁,激发正涡度柱沿锋区倾斜爬升,强烈的上升气流穿越锋区激发大量不稳定能量释放。超低空急流的脉动和稳定维持为暴雨发生的有利水汽输送机制,高低空水平距离的缩短有利于高低空急流的耦合、垂直运动的发展和降水强度的加强。强降水区上空β中尺度对流扰动在冷、暖气流对峙区内不断生成、发展、东移,加之局地地形等作用致使大暴雨的发生。     

A pre-Ipswichian cold stage mammalian fauna from the Balderton Sand and Gravel,Lincolnshire, England

The Balderton Sand and Gravel has yielded one of very few mammalian faunas dated to the penultimate Cold Stage in Britain. The assemblage is dominated by mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, with subordinate horse, red deer, bison, straight-tusked elephant, musk ox, reindeer, wolf, lion, brown bear and cf. narrow-nosed rhinoceros. This fauna indicates cold stage conditions, probably including one or more interstadial episodes. The presence of straight-tusked elephant and cf. narrow-nosed rhinoceros supports its pre-Devensian age, and provides corroboration for the occurrence of these taxa in the British Wolstonian. An attempt is made to analyse the fossil collection by preservation type and adhering sediment: the occurrence of individual species appears to be largely uncorrelated with lithology. The Balderton assemblage corresponds well to other British mammal faunas assigned to a cold interval between the Hoxnian and Ipswichian Interglacials.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF WIND FIELDS AT UPPER LEVELS IN THE MEIYU PERIOD ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW LEVEL JET AND MESOSCALE SYSTEMS

Using a mesoscale model,a numerical study on a heavy rainfall case occurring in theChangjiang-Huaihe River Basin is made in this paper.The influence of the intensity ofnortheasterly wind in front of the Qinghai-Xizang high at upper level on the low level wind fieldand development of mesoscale systems as well as heavy rainfall is investigated.The model wellreproduced the heavy rainfall process and the weather systems associated.And it indicates that thestrong northeasterly flow around the high at upper troposphere will bring about not only thestrengthening of low level southeasterly wind,but also the appearance of shear-line and mesoscalevortex at low level.The coupling of northerly wind at upper level and southerly wind at lowerlevel constructs a vertical indirect circulation which is most favourable for the development ofconvective motions.Its ascending branch in the shear-line area is very strong and shows apronounced mesoscale characteristic.     

CHANGE TRENDS OF EXTREME CLIMATE EVENTS IN CHINA

The variations of extreme climate events such as cold wave, typhoon, hot and cold days havebeen discussed using the recent 45-year data. The reductions of nationwide cold wave activities andannual cold day number in northern China all have close relationship with warming winters,especially during 1980s and early 1990s. Decrements of annual hot day number are associated withcooling summers. The typhoon variation has connection with the tropical Pacific sea surfacetemperature conditions. The increments of drought/flood events since 1980s may be connectedindirectly with climate warming up significantly since 1980s. The climate variability of theseextreme climate events has decreased with time since 1980s.     

Mesoscale moisture variability and its impact on energy transfer through the boundary layer

The impact of mesoscale moisture variability on the vertical energy transfer through a pre-frontal boundary layer is studied with NOPEX aircraft data. The moisture variability relates to a cold front that passed the area 2 1/2 hours after the observations. We find a density front ahead of the cold front. The large vertical divergence of the turbulent moisture flux in the surface layer is partly related to this moisture variability. Large scale horizontal advection contributes to the observed vertical turbulent flux divergence. The estimated horizontal mesoscale advection term in the budget of sensible heat and moisture is on average small but locally it can be large. This term acts to re-distribute moisture in the boundary layer and leads to sub-grid variations of relative humidity, which is an important quantity for boundary-layer cloud models. The distinct spatial variations of specific humidity are mainly related to synoptic forcing and not to heterogeneity in the surface energy balance.